Analyzing and Defining Gangs - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1269 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Descriptive essay Did you like this example? Popular perceptions of gang activity are often based on sensationalized images created in the media. They vary from dramatic reports of gangland shootings to images of young men terrorizing the local neighborhood. Indeed, there are elements of gang culture that are criminal and threatening for the local population; however, gang culture is so complex that a single definition has yet to be agreed upon by social scientists. The primary issue of controversy is whether criminality is a central and causal. Thrashers (1927) pioneering study was the first to look at group processes and psychology of gang life. Through his study of 1,313 Chicago gangs, he concluded gangs are part of the psychological and group process of teenagers in economically deprived communities. He believed gangs are: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analyzing and Defining Gangs" essay for you Create order group(s) originally formed spontaneously, and then integrated through conflict.characterized by the following types of behavior: meeting face to face, milling, movement through space as a unit, conflict, and planning. The result.is the development of tradition, unreflective internal structure, esprit de corps, solidarity, morale, group awareness, and attachment to a local territory. (pg 46) By the 50s and 60s, the popular view changed the perception of gangs became one of fear and threat.. Miller (1975) and Klein (1971) published papers defining gangs as innately criminal. Millers pessimistic perspective is apparent in his classification of gangs as: a group of recurrently associating individuals with identifiable leadership and internal organization, identifying with or claiming control over territory in the community, and engaging either individually or collectively in violent or other forms of illegal behavior (pg 9). Miller was echoed by Klein (1971), who defined gangs as: any denotable group of youngsters who..recognize themselves as a notable group. (and) have been involved in a sufficient number of delinquent incidents to call forth a consistent negative response from..residents and/or law enforcement agencies (pg 13) This theme was taken up by law enforcement agencies, and the idea of the gang as a part of the moral order of the community was subsequently gone. The sociological definition of gang was replaced by terms mainly useful to law enforcement, which are still used to this day. Brantley and DiRosa of the FBI (1994) describe gangs as groups of individuals..who associate on a continual basis for the purpose of committing criminal acts. But other researchers maintain the Thrasher group process hypothesis. Moore argues against Miller and Kleins definitions, as she believes they are circular: the definitions include the very behaviour i.e. crime that they are trying to understand. Thrasher and Moores definitions differ significantly from Klein and Millers. Moore (1998) believes criminality is not inherent to gangs and views them instead as unsupervised peer groupssocialized by the streets rather than by conventional institutions. The debate continues, and the lack of agreement regarding the defining features of gangs has made consistent findings and generalizations problematic. Criminal activity remains a pivotal issue in the debate; the criminality of gangs waxes and wanes, and to use criminality to distinguish a group from a gangs is a misleading and unhelpful process. The Phenomenon Gang in the UK and USA Discuss. Anywhere in the world were there are unsettled neighborhoods or a transient population, there are likely to be gangs of youths, coming together to seek the security, sense of belonging and structure they lack in their communities. Traditionally, UK interventions to curtail gang activity have been based largely on the US model, where gang conflict has a long and complex history. However research into why youths join gangs in the UK found important differences between British gangs and their US counterparts, which has lead to a change in the British governments approach. British gangs tend to be gentler than those in America, which are more likely to generate distinct identities, rigid structures and be involved in criminal acts (Klein, 1995). UK gangs lack the American-style initiation ceremonies and specific styles of clothing. In the USA large portions of the population exist on the edge of communities, creating breading grounds for criminal street gangs. In certain urban ghettos men rejoice when they reach 25 years of age because gangland fighting kills more young people than illness or accidents (Community Cares, 1994). Often these areas will be economically deprived. The longstanding social security system in the UK has prevented the same situation occurring. The USA takes a different approach and makes frequent cuts in its social program, investing instead in its penal system. In 2003 the British government proposed to revamp youth services, in an effort to reverse the 18% decrease in youth services since the 1980s. The new legislation places a requirement upon all local authorities to meet certain standards by 2005, and expects them to critically assessment the youth service provision within their area. Councils were asked to make a promise to youths to provide not only the usual meeting places for personal and social development, (i.e. youth clubs and activities), but also programmes related to peer education and ways of ensuring their views are heard. The government pledged 83m to the programme. However, the British government are also taking a stronger stance against antisocial behavior, which frequently involves gangs of adolescents. Although the new anti-social behavior legislation is not aimed specifically at gangs, its purpose is to reduce feelings of intimidation within communities, which is often concurrent with gang formation. Once an Anti-Social Behavior Order (ASBO) is issued, the accused must abide by the stipulations in the ASBO or potentially face criminal proceedings. The US was similarly preoccupied with anti-social behavior in the 1990s, when task forces such as Operation Weed and Seed, and the Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services anti-gang drive, had at its core the desire curb or contain street gangs. New legislation was passed and many states enacted statutes to assist law enforcers. In both the US and UK, this was a response to a concerned electorate, made anxious by the tabloid media. There must be a move in the US towards interventions that do not criminalize young people. The question that should be asked is why are young people joining gangs. The answer is well researched; the need for structure, nurturing, a sense of belonging and perceived economic opportunity create breeding grounds for gangs. If goverments adopt adequate social security programs to meet these basic needs, gangs will not evolve they ultimatly reflect the society that has shaped them. References Brantley, A. C., DiRosa, A. (1994) Gangs: A National Perspective. The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. New York Klein, M. W. (1995) The American Street Gang. Oxford University Press. New York. Koutos, L., Brotherton, D., Barrios, L. (2003) Gangs and Society: Alternative Perspectives. Columbia University Press. Miller, W. (1975) Violence by Youth Gangs and Youth Groups as a Crime problem in Major American Cities. Washington Department of Justice. Washington. Moore, J. W. 1998. Understanding Youth Street Gangs: Economic Restructuring and the Urban Underclass. In M. W. Watts (Ed.), Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Youth and Violence (pp. 65-78), Stamford, CT: JAI. Thrasher, F. M. (1927) The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago III. University of Chicago Press. USA (1994) Community Cares (1994). Socialist review, 179. Retrieved February 10, 2006, from https://pubs.socialist reviewindex.org.uk/sr179/msmith.htm

Computer Use Policy Questions - 911 Words

Computer Use Policy: 1) Explain ethical computing. Moral is an arrangement of the good rule that administers the conduct of a gathering or person. Hence, PC morals are set of good rule that controls the utilization of PCs. Some basic issues of PC morals incorporate licensed innovation rights, (for example, copyrighted electronic substance), protection concerns, and how PCs influence society. For instance, while it is anything but difficult to copy copyrighted electronic (or advanced) content, PC morals would recommend that it isn t right to do as such without the creator s endorsement. Keeping in mind it might be conceivable to get to somebody s close to home data on a PC framework, PC morals would prompt that such an activity is untrustworthy. As innovation advances, PCs keep on having a more prominent effect on society. In this manner, PC morals advance the discourse of a number of impact PCs ought to have in regions, for example, counterfeit consciousness and human correspondence. As the universe of P Cs develops, PC morals keep on making moral principles that location new issues raised by new advances. 2) Explain plagiarism and copyright infringement. Most comprehensively, counterfeiting is characterized as the taking the first work or works of another and introducing it as your own. The meaning of work can incorporate an assortment of things including thoughts, words, pictures, and so forth. Anything that is seen as an untrustworthy and unattributed utilization ofShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Computer Ethics951 Words   |  4 Pagesdifference between the computers from other technologies and how this difference makes a difference in ethical considerations. The concerns listed by the author are related to software, hardware, networks connecting computers and computers themselves. The main problem in computer ethics occurs because of policy vacuum about how computer technology should be used. 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Learned Helplessness free essay sample

This thought not only affect their willingness to learn but also their self-esteem. There are many situations that can explain learned helplessness. For example, if a person tries to fix a computer, after several attempts he is not able to do so. Then he may develop a thought of learned helplessness and believe that he cannot make it works. No matter how hard he tries, he is unable to fix the computer. The other example is when student attend the physic class. Then repeated experiences of failure occur to this student to get a high score. So, he thinks that he may not be able to have a good score on physics. It will affect the following action. He will not study, not doing the homework, and so on. When there is a time for the exam, obviously he cannot do it and fail the course. After that, he will think that he cannot do physics ever again in his life. This might also affect his mood, his performance, and self-esteem. The theory learned helplessness created by Seligman and his colleagues (1975, as cited in Ciccarelli amp; White, 2009) after they experimented with the dogs. They said that the experiment dogs exposed to unavoidable and inescapable in electric shocks in one situation later failed to learn to escape in any different situation when they actually could escape (Overmier amp; Seligman, 1967). The uncontrollable electric shocks also one of the factors that they cannot escape. Students in Cedarville University have tested this theory (Firmin et al, 2004). They conducted a study that examines learned helplessness and the effect on test taking. They divided the participants into two groups. The first group was given the extremely difficult SAT questions first until the easiest. The second group was given the easy part first until the hardest. They were hypothesized that the first group would be easily depressed than the second group. The result confirmed their hypotheses. The students in the first group had a lower score than the students in the second group. They had a lower score because they tend to give up on the easy questions due to frustration because they have done the hardest part first. The strength of this theory could be applicable for all ages (Costello, 1980). If you think back, learned helplessness is a way of thinking where the thoughts were surrender because of previous experiences in which success was impossible. A child who grown up in a chaotic world tends to has learned helplessness. Then when he gets older it still affects his mind. In my opinion, Costello’s opinion is necessary because when people have bad experiences in the childhood they automatically bring it into the life. Especially, when the experience get into phobias. For example, if someone has rejected by his mother several times, when his get older maybe he has a lack of self-confidence to give his opinion to others especially his mother. In every theory there are always some weakness. Maier and Seligman (1975) also have arguments on their research. They said that the effects from learned helplessness study has yet to be satisfactorily explained. One session for the inescapable shock gives temporary effect in dogs, while four sessions tend to be giving more permanent effect. In addition, rats that have faced one session of inescapable shock had a permanent effect. Previous study proactive, which is known as to decrease with additional training and to increase with time from learning, has interfered the dogs. So, why the rats have permanent effect after just one session? The dog was not trained to be in the cage, but the rats were always in the cage. The effects must be the other way around. Perhaps, the rats were immune or experienced with the controllable events. The other weakness is the theory is not controllable for people and uncontrollable for some people (Abramson, 2012). In my opinion, the theory is not really clear. Learned helplessness maybe occurs on the dogs, rats, and human in the past research but it is not always happen to everybody. It depends on the subject it self. For example, inventors who failed to discover their object several times they still did not give up. Until they succeed to invent it. Thomas Alva Edison who invented a lamp, he failed several times but did not depress and still trying until he succeed to make it works. So, the environment and self-confidence has an impact for having guts. Maybe if the dogs have more bravery and guts it could escape the electric shock. Also, maybe if the parents or friends encourage the student that bad in some course, he could be optimist and pass the exam. The theory foundation was formed based on testing animals. The infamous Seligman’s experiment even the most basic part of the theory was conducted on animal research. Thus, it might be difficult trying to relate the result with a real human being. A person might react differently to the situation and might not learn to be helplessness. Abramson (2012) also said that the theory does not explaining when the learned helplessness in general and when specific, or when chronic and when acute. The learned helplessness theory can occur on the real world problem. For instance, people who have rejected several times for job will be depressed and decide not to get a job. The learned helplessness is occur when he was being rejected once, maybe he still have guts. However after several times he will get tired already and will not doing anything about it. Because he gets pessimist and he will think that no one will hire him for a job. If he look at from the other side and open his mind, he actually can do something about it. Maybe he is not having the job skills, lack of self-confidence, or cannot really work with others. The solution is he has to know himself better first including his weakness and the strengths, then he will realize what he really want to do with his life. After that maybe he can improve the skills or build his own business company. The other example is when a men got rejected or having break ups with the women several times. Then, he decide to not having a relationships with anybody because he know how hurt it is, as same as the dogs got hurts with the electric shocks on the Seligman experiment, then the dog will not escape it ever. On the other hand, there is always a way to everybody to solve everything. Maybe if he just let it go and forget about it then take the thoughts to focus on the career, the problems will be gone. There are chances and several benefits about it. He might success on the career he focuses on and then he might also meet someone who could make him happier than ever.

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay Paper Romeo and Juilet was written by William Shakespeare in the year 1664. Breifly this play is about a boy and girl from two opposing familes fall madly in love with each other gets torn apart by their own relatives hate. The main themes in this play are romance and violence. During Shakespearen times people were very superstitious and believed that fate was pre-destined. The majority of civilians was religious in the year the play was made and belived in most curses and pleas. Throughout the play , this concept was shown as Romeo cries out that everything is linked to fate, every action, every life and death was all believed to be linked to fate. Although it was Shakespeare who was created everything in the play, speech, death, love, including Romeos character. Behind the scenes for Romeo was Shakespeare who was playing his game. So Willium Shakespeare was Romeos fate. The Prolouge was set at the beginning of the play and we were told the summary of the play. We were told the plot of the play/storyline, A pair of star-crossed lovers. This implies two fated lovers against the law. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Prolouge also mentioning Two households, both alike in dignity ,. This emphasies two waring families both high in stature. From ancient grude to new munity, this infers that both famillies with an ancient grudge, and know comming to a new problem. We are told this at the start of the play because by doing this the audience gains an idea of the story and also to capture the audiences attention. The themes that are established in The Prolouge are love, violence and hate, all these themes are used in the play, as they are used in the small summary (The Prolouge). Act 1 Scene 1 starts by two servents from the house of Capulets, Sampson and Gregory teasing each other, talking about fighting servents of the Montagues The quarrel is between our masters and us their men. This demonstrates that their eager to fight. They were also talking about raping the Montague women, Me they shall feel while I am able to stand tis known, I am a pretty peice of flesh. This shows their sense of humour and how they like to say rude jokes. Initially the atmoshere is jolly with a jokey mood, this is shown by their reference to sexual inuemos mentioned above. But the mood quickely changes when two of the Montague servents, Balthasar and Abram, entered the play and approached closer to the Capulets. Sampson and Gregorys good-natured rivalry is immediatly converted to hostility. In this act and scene we learn a fair amount of information about Benvolio, his personality and his character. Benvolio is Romeos cousin, he is a solemn, sensitive young man whose name indicates his peace making role in the play. During this act and scene, Benvolio tries to make peace with the gang fight and fails. It also reaveals that Benvolio speaks the truth, whilst slightly backing his family(Montague) up. I do but keep the peace. Put up thy sword. This shows his character and person, what he is like. Not liking to stir up trouble, being his peaceful self. Tybalt enters half way through this scene. We learn a good amount of information about him, his character and especially aggresive personality and nature. As Tybalt enters the play, we learn that he is violent and certainly not peace loving as he mentions. What, drawn, anf talk of peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. This implies that Tybalt has a aggressive nature, this quote also shows how much he hates the Montagues. As he speaks slowly and cleary to the Montagues, truely expressing his feelings about them. The audience may feel like their prepare to watch a fight, as Tybalts entry builds up great tension around the audience. This scene ends when the prince of Verona appears and splits up the murderous brawl and gives them a threatning warning. If you ever disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. This infers on how serious, and angry the prince is, about their continued fighting in the street and even giving a death penalty as a warning to both Capulets and Montagues. The audience may start to calm down as the tension starts to drop, because of the arrival of the prince stopping the fight. Act 3 Scene 1. This scene is important as it comes half way through the play, Romeo and Juilet have been married. This is important to what is to follow. This scene plays a large majority of the play, as the audience are firstly indroduced to the main theme of violence of the play. A large fight is played and the characters expressions are all dramactically expressed. This scene is full of dramatic irony, as the audience knows that Romeo is married to Juilet anf that Tybalt is Romeos cousin through marrige. Tybalt doesnt realise this and is very eager to fight, because of the introdtion to the party that happened before. Romeo refuses to fight because of his marrige to Juilet. He is now Tybalts cousin. He cannot tell Tybalt the truth because of the feud between Capulets and Montagues. The audience know the truth and are interested in what will happen. At the start of the scene, the weather is hot causing people to be adjutated, Benvolio asks Mercutio to go home, because the Capulets are wandering around. I pray thee good Mercutio, lets retire. The day is hot, the Capulets abroad. This emphasises Benvolio is trying to keep the peace yet again, trying to avoid the sight of the Capulets, as he knows that trouble will stir up and they wont be able to escape once a fight starts. He is also trying to protect Mercutio from trouble, as Benvolio knows Mercutio character. On this scene we learn that Mercutio is a very humourous character, always making jokes and he seems to be very friendly with Benvolio, teasing him. But Benvolio always tries to keep every situation as calm as possible, incase anything gets out if order. Mercutio also, tries to include Benvolio on how Italy is feeling Thy head is a full of quarrels as an egg is full of meat, and yet thy head hath been beaten as addle as an egg for quarrelling. This implies Mercutio is trying to include Benvolio in the family struggles, because he wants to make Benvolio same as anyone else keeping him on his side. At the start of the scene the atmoshere is similar to the beginning to act 1 scene 1, when Benvolio and Mercutio is joking and teasing each other, but Benvolio tries to keep the stituation calm and peaceful as possible. The audience would probaly feel sorry of Benvolio as by now they should realise that Benvolios peace making role is a lost cause. The atmoshere immediatly changes as soon as Tybalt and his men enter the play, it changes because the audience already knows what Tybalt is like and what the outcome will be, violence. As soon as Tybalt is caught in sight of Mercutio and Benvolio, Benvolio says By my head, here come the Capulets. This demonstrates how instantly worried he is. But Mercutio replies to him By my heel, I care not. This emphasises on how Mercutio is cocky, arrogant and doesnt care about the Capulets and Tybalt. Mercutio also knows that theres a crowed around and even whilst Tybalt and his men has arrived armed, Mercutio seems to try and stir it up even more, by being a showman, causing a comedy show and jokes as though he doesnt care. In behaviour, Mercutio is like Tybalt, someone who is easily angered and who likes to fight. He feels that Tybalt has insulted Romeo and Romeo allowed him to. A fight is the last thing Romeo wants, as Mercutio is his friend and Tybalt is now his kinsman. When Tybalt kills Mercutio it creates tension as the audience wait to see how Romeo will act. The mood becomes tense again because Romeo enters the scene. Another dramatic irony was included in this scene, as the audience knows that Tybalt is looking for Romeo and they know that violence will occur once Tybalt sees Romeo. As Romeo gets into a duel with Tybalt, Mercutio is concerned about Romeos fencing, O calm, dishourable, vile submission ! . This implies how Mercutio cant believe that Romeo isnt fighting back and is also confused on why hes not. After this Romeo is trying to keep the peace Gentle Mercutio put thy rapier up,. This demonstrates, that Romeo is trying to stop Mercutios actions from getting into trouble. Also mentioning about the penalties Tybalt, Mercutio, the prince expressly hath, Forbid this bandying in Verona streets. . This is infers Romeo is trying to part the fight whilst also protecting Mercutio, Mercutio knows hell be punished and yet he still fights for Romeo. And the result of this lead to his death, as Mercutio and Tybalt fight, Romeo got in the way allowing Tybalt to thurst his sword in Mercutio. Mercutio blames both families, as he is no Montague or Capulet. I am hurt; A plague on both your houses ! I am sped. In this scene he repeats A plague on both your houses ! three times. This implies he is cursing both families, hes wounded and about to die, the fact hes saying it three times emphasises his, fear and anger. And during Shakesperean times, three times meant bad luck. Romeos reaction when Mecutio dies is important. My very friend hath got his mortal hurt In my behalf my reputation staind With Tybalts slander. He sees that he is responsible for his death and his love for Juilet has made him less of an man. O sweet Juilet Thy beauty hath made me effeminate And in my temper softend valourss steel ! Tybalt returns and the audience want to know what Romeo will now do, take revenge. We also know that The Prince has threatened to punish with death anyone who fights. Shakespeare brought The Prince back to remind the audience the consequences that will occur. Romeo is very angry, fire-eyed fury be my conduct now and fights with Tybalt and kills him. This tells us how angry Romeo is, mentioning the word fire-eyed fury, fust as if he has fire in his eyes. The audience knows that this is disastorious for both Romeo and Juliet. He has killed Tybalt, Juliets cousin and also, faces The Princes Punishments. Shakespeare again keeps the audience interested in what will happen next. After Romeo has killed Tybalt, Shakespeare uses Benvolio to remind the audience of the danger Romeo is now in. He tells Romeo to fly away, be gone and reminds us all of what the prince will do, the prince will doom thee death If thou art taken. This infers that The Prince will execute him. Romeos language is important. His final words remind the audience of the opening Prolouge to the play that spoke of two star-crossed lovers. Yet again, after Romeo causes a brash action (killing Tybalt) he blames someone else than himself. I am fortunes fool, this infers that he feels that fate is against him, because he wanted went downhill and people had a strong fate in god at Shakesperean times. Romeo leaves and Shakespeare has now created a tension because the audience await The Prince and wonder what will become of Romeo and Juliet. When The Prince arrives, the discussion between Benvolio and The Prince is important, as it changes Romeos destiny. The prince seeks the fight starters Benvolio, who began this bloody fray. Knowing that Benvolio will always tell the truth, even though hell get his family in trouble. Lady Capulet doesnt care, I beg for justice, which thou, Prince must give, Romeo slew Tybalt; Romeo must not live. . This emphasises that she only wants Romeo to die. Also another reason why the disscussion between Benvolio and The Prince tis important , And for that offence Immediatly we do exile him hence . This implies The Princes punichment has changed, banishing Romeo instead of killing. The change wouldnt have happened if it wasnt for Benvolio. Act 5 scene 3, so far Romeo has been informed of the catastrophe of his bride Juliet. In order to avoid Juliet getting married to Paris, Juilet fakes her death for a short period of time, which occured in ant 4 scene 4. This scene Act 5 scene 3 is important beacause it is the very last scene, and the audience will be eager to await for the finale. It is also because this is the part of the play where both of the main characters (Romeo and Juliet) dies. In this last act and scene, we learn a very great deal about Romeos character. We learn that he is very irrational and could be very violent. I dont think he manages to live up to the stereotype of the Romantic, because I think Romeos mood effects his speech, and especially the way he acts. At one speech in this scene he says By heaven, I will tear thee joint by joint and strew this hungry churchyard with thy limbs. This demonstrates how violent Romeos mind could come up and heaven do. The theme of violence is so important beacause, it alternates hte storyline of the play multiple times and also changer the behavior and roles of the characters. The violence can be most memorable, because violence is exiciting, it grabs the audiences attention and it adds unpredictabililty to the play. Violence stirs up peoples emotions, causes shock, distress, and it is often unexpected. The audience like to watch contrasting characters good vs bad. I think at the end of each scene the audience would be thinking what will happen next, beacause Shakespeare makes every act and scene interesting and reminding for us.